ABSTRACT
This paper describes the epidemiology, prevalence, transmission, prevention and control of some infectious diseases in companion animals, livestock, wild animals and humans in Ontario, Canada, in 2022, including SARS-CoV-2;Echinococcus multilocularis, Leishmania spp. and SARS-CoV-2;antimicrobial stewardship resources;2 cases of rabid dogs imported from Iran (July 2021 and January 2022);prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriacea, Dirofilaria immitis, Brucella canis, canine parainfluenza and adeno- and herpes viruses in dogs recently imported from Asia;Paragonimus kellicotti lung flukes and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in dogs;African swine fever in pet pigs, backyard pigs and wild pigs and blastomycosis in dogs and humans.
ABSTRACT
In 2021, the number of children who required PC for STH decreased for pre-SAC from 291.2 million to 260.6 million and for SAC from 732.3 million to 653.7 million (Figure 2). This change was mainly due to revision of the numbers of children who require PC for STH in India, which decreased from 103.5 to 80.7 million for pre-SAC and from 332.1 to 259.1 million for SAC. The decreases were based on impact assessment surveys conducted in the past few years, which changed the endemicity status of some districts. Globally, PC coverage of SAC increased from 47% in 2020 to 62.9% in 2021.The number of SAC reached with deworming increased almost to that before the COVID-19 pandemic (411 million in 2021, 344 million in 2020, 455.9 million in 2019), indicating that countries are recovering.
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the clinical signs and use of differential laboratory diagnostic techniques (computed tomography, cytology, histopathology, antigen/antibody detection and polymerase chain reaction) for infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) and non-infectious (inflammatory/immune mediated, neoplastic, cardiac, malformation, foreign body, smoke inhalation, aspiration of caustic material, non-cardiogenic, pulmonary oedema, traumativ, pneumothorax, pulmonary contusions and idiopathic) causes of respiratory diseases in cats and dogs in Ontario, Canada.
ABSTRACT
There are some doubts about the exact relationship between neglected infectious diseases (NIDs) and COVID-19 disease, which remains to be clearly defined. The present review summarized the effect of parasitic infections as the risk factors or protective agents in the COVID-19 pandemic. Parasites could proficiently modulate immune responses. Thus, parasitic infections could have a different impact on the incidence and clinical severity of COVID-19 in different regions of the world. Also, restoring programs to prevent, treat, and control NIDs, in particular helminths, could help in reducing the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in endemic areas and help to increase vaccination effectiveness. Changes in the gut microbiome associated with helminth infection may have systemic immunomodulatory effects toward suppressing host immune responses, reducing vaccine efficacy and increasing the severity of other infectious diseases. The cytokine storm observed in severe cases of COVID-19 is characterized by a predominance of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6. However, it is possible that helminth infection could change the outcome of infection by modifying the Th2 response to limit the inflammatory component;this would be particularly apparent in areas endemic for helminthic infections, which suggests a possible protective effect against COVID-19. Because parasitic infections affect more than 2 billion people throughout the world, their impact on COVID-19- associated effects on public health could be considerable. Further studies with larger sample sizes would be needed to explore the possible role of neglected parasitic infections in the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 made us realize the magnitude of one health and how essential is it to dwell deep into connecting links between animal borne infections that appear of lesser importance to humans. Three quarters of emerging human pathogens are zoonotic and the probability of viral and protozoan disease to emerge as major pathogens is more than other infectious agents. The major contributors to the global burden of parasitic zoonoses are toxoplasmosis, food borne trematode infections, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniosis and zoonotic schistosomosis. However, giardiosis, trichenellosis, angiostrongylosis are emerging as upcoming challenges. The foremost possibilities for skewed research on particular parasites is the proportion of populations being affected by the disease mainly driven by the socio economic status/research funding agencies and other being the elusive lifestyle of parasite/ difficult to study/ rarity. As the world is turning into a global village with ease of transportation, travel and trading, the emerging neglected parasites maysoon traverse the socio economic or geographical barriers. It is therefore imperative to include them in international debate, divulge into their epidemiology and transmission to ensure effective monitoring and control.
ABSTRACT
To understand the current status of Clonorchis sinensis infection in the population of Heilongjiang Province, the survey sites were selected from 104 rural areas and 15 urban areas in the Province in April-June 2015, using stratified cluster random sampling method, in accordance to the guideline of the National Survey, Program for Key Human Parasitic Diseases. The rural areas were divided into four ecoregions: Changbai Mountain-Qianshan Mountains, the Eastern Northeast Plain, Sanjiang Plain, and Xiaoxing'an Mountain coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. The number of people surveyed at each survey site was no less than 250. The modified Kato thick smear method was used to examine the participants' fecal samples (two slide-reading/sample) for C. sinensis eggs and counted. Of the 30 280 examinees, 747 were found infected, with an infection rate of 2.47%. The infection rate in rural and urban areas was 2.77% (734/26 456) and 0.34% (13/3 824) respectively, with the difference being statistically significant (X2 = 82.295, P < 0.05). Most of the infected showed mild infection (82.33%, 615/747). The infection rate was 3.05% (462/15 171) in males and 1.89% (285/15 109) in females, showing significant difference between the sexes (X2 = 42.261, P < 0.05). The highest infection rate was seen in the age group of 30-39 years (3.32%, 147/4 430), revealing significant difference between the age groups (X2 = 122.182, P < 0.05). The highest infection rate was found in farmers (animal husbandry and fishery) (3.16%, 692/21 914), with the difference between occupation groups being statistically significant (X2 = 164.846, P < 0.05). The infection rate differed significantly among the participants with different levels of education (X2 = 124.596, P < 0.05) and was highest in the group with junior high school education (3.46%, 499/14 425). The rate was significantly different between different ethnic groups (X2 = 8.395, P < 0.05), with the Han group having the highest infection rate (2.51%, 739/29 487). In rural areas, most of the infected people showed mild infection intensity (82.56%, 606/734). The infection rate was 3.39% (454/13 378) in males and 2.14 (280/13 078) in females, thus differing significantly between the sexes (X2 = 38.468, P < 0.05). The infection rate differed significantly with age (X2 = 111.315, P < 0.05) and was highest in the 30-39 year age group (3.78%, 145/3 841). Significant difference in infection rate was found also in occupation distribution (X2 = 103.863, P < 0.05), with the highest seen in the group of servants and enterprise-institution employees (5.05%, 10/198). The infection rate differed significantly in education distribution (X2 = 127.308, P < 0.05), and was highest in the group at the education level of junior high school (3.88%, 496/12 792). It also differed significantly between different ethnic groups (X2 = 8.903, P < 0.05), and was highest in the Han group (2.82%, 726/25 734). The Sanjiang Plain ecoregion showed the highest infection rate (8.75%, 575/6 574), and the rate differed significantly between ecoregions (X2 = 1 177.510, P < 0.05). In urban areas, the majority of the infected had mild infection (9/13). The infection rate in males was 0.45% (8/1 793) and that in females was 0.25% (5/2 031). The highest infection rate was detected in the age group 50-59 years (0.79%, 5/636), and among different occupations, the group of servants and enterprise-institution employees had the highest infection rate (0.97%, 4/411). In the education distribution, the illiterate group showed the highest infection rate (1.14%, 2/176). C. sinensis infection was only detected in Han ethnicity, with an infection rate of 0.35% (13/3 753). The C. sinensis infection found in Heilongjiang Province was largely mild, and the highest infection rate was seen in the Sanjiang Plain ecoregion, thus, it is imperative to actively explore feasible control strategies and measures appropriate to the